Case Study Of Gavi s Hpv Vaccine Support Program Essay

A Case Study of Gavi’s HPV Vaccine Support Program Abstract Human Papillomavirus (HPV), a sexually transmitted DNA virus that can lead to cervical cancer, is the most common cancer among women in developing regions. More than 270,000 women die per year from cervical cancer globally, and 85% of those deaths occur in developing countries. In the past, many low- and middle- income countries (LMIC) have been unable to afford the implementation of HPV vaccination programs, resulting in high cervical cancer mortality rates. Gavi, an organization created to improve worldwide access to vaccines, undertook an initiative that had the goal of decreasing the price of an HPV vaccine to under $5, and increasing access for adolescent girl populations in LMICs. This was done through market shaping, co-financing and implementation support. This case study will present and evaluate Gavi’s intervention by assessing targets, investigating cost-effectiveness and identifying strategic challenges. Keywords: HPV, Cervical Cancer, Immunization, Gavi, Global Health Background Human Papillomavirus (HPV) is a sexually transmitted DNA virus that infects the skin and mucous membranes. Worldwide, the prevalence of HPV is ~11.7%. The frequency of HPV cases is much higher in developing regions, with Eastern Africa (33.6%) and the Caribbean (35.4%) having the highest prevalence. [1] Though approximately 90% of HPV infections regress to a subclinical state within two years, persistent infection mayShow MoreRelatedGsk Annual Report 2010135604 Words   |  543 Pages2010. 10 10 new compounds and vaccines starting phase III clinical trials since the start of 2010. 14% We are committed to improving returns in RD, aiming to increase our estimated return on investment in this area to 14%. c.1bn Units of Lucozade, Ribena and Horlicks manufactured in the UK every year. 2 New Consumer Healthcare Research and Innovation centres opened in China and India. Vaccines Emerging markets 1.4bn Doses of our vaccines supplied to 179 countries around

Universal Health Care Is A Government Run System - 1577 Words

Universal health care, also known as universal health coverage, is a specific type of health care where everyone is provided coverage regardless of his or her income, race, age, pre-existing conditions, gender, or wealth. In other words, as long as one is a legal resident of the region that is being covered, he or she is eligible for universal health care. The purpose of universal health care is to provide all citizens with an opportunity to obtain the health care that they may need without having to worry about financial hardship. Currently, the costs associated with privatized health care are really expensive. Private companies are able to set their own costs for insurance premiums, medical tests, and other services in order to make a†¦show more content†¦Among the insured, 101.5 million people, 32.6 percent of the population, received coverage through the U.S. government in 2012 through Medicare (48.9 million), Medicaid (50.9 million), and/or VA or other military care (13 .7 million). Some people may be covered by more than one government plan in the U.S. In 2012, nearly 48 million people in the U.S. had no health insurance. Today in the U.S., there’s been a lot of talk about the Supreme Court’s latest ruling on the Affordable Care Act, better known as Obamacare. But while the law signed by President Obama in 2010 made huge changes to the health insurance system, most people under 65 still get their coverage the way they always did: from their employer. The law set up insurance â€Å"exchanges† that offer consumers and small businesses a choice of standardized and heavily regulated health plans. For the most part, this marketplaces serve people who aren’t offered insurance by a large employer. This plan is different from the typical way people bought insurance before because on the exchanges, insurers are not able to turn anyone down because of a pre-existing condition; from pregnancy to heart disease, they’re all c overed. The law also restricts or blocks annual and lifetime limits on what insurers, including in employer plans, will pay. Obamacare is paid for in a number of ways, but the most direct one is that high earners got a payroll tax hike. Starting in 2013, couplesShow MoreRelatedUniversal Health Care : Universal Healthcare1615 Words   |  7 Pages Universal Healthcare in the USA The campaign for some form of universal health care has spanned practically a century in the USA and has been the subject of political debate since the early part of the 20th century. Recent reforms remain an active and urgent political issue. Universal Health Care has been one of the leading public issues in America and in recent times this issue has risen to the fore, because of its increasing prevalence in the government, market, and civil sectorsRead MoreWhat Universal Health Care Really Means1445 Words   |  6 PagesWhat Universal Health Care Really Means Throughout history, it has been debated that a universal health care system should be offered to the United State’s people by their government. Universal Health Care means that every legal citizen in the designated region will receive coverage regardless or health, income, race, gender, wealth, etc. The purpose of this is to provide everyone the quality care they need without the highly expensive costs. Ideally, the government would provide this coverageRead MoreThe United States Vs. Canadian Healthcare System875 Words   |  4 PagesStates vs. Canadian Healthcare System There are different models of universal healthcare systems. The first is compulsory insurance which demands that residents should buy insurance; various legislations usually enforce this request. Another type of universal insurance is the single payer health care system which is defined by the government providing funding for the health care services. The United States health care system uses the former, while the Canadian system utilizes the latter. The NationalRead MoreThe United States Vs. Canadian Healthcare System882 Words   |  4 PagesStates  vs. Canadian Healthcare System ​There are different models of universal healthcare systems. The first is compulsory insurance which demands that residents should buy insurance; various legislations usually enforce this request.   Another type of universal insurance is the single payer health care system which  is defined  by the government providing funding for the health care services. The United States health care system uses the former while Canadian system utilizes the latter. The NationalRead MoreErerere736 Words   |  3 PagesWait Times When health care is extended to everyone, it can be used too often. And with free access, a patient may go to the emergency room with the sniffles, causing longer wait times for those who have real emergencies. Access to family doctors and specialists may also be limited due to too many patients and not enough doctors. Read more: http://www.livestrong.com/article/30692-pros-cons-universal-health/#ixzz1KlELOteI The costs that are required for universal health care are an enormousRead MoreUniversal Health Care : Single Payer And Multiple Payer1206 Words   |  5 Pages Health care is a highly political topic, and the issue of whether or not to make health care, universal is at the center of the controversy (Rich Walter, 2015). Health care is a vital component of day-to-day life, and as such it has not been left entirely in the hands of private ownership. There are regulations in place to ensure people receive quality health care at a relatively low price. Universal health care would just expand these already existing regulations while opening up health insuranceRead MoreHealth Care Systems For Every Country1042 Words   |  5 Pages Health care systems are institutions and resources whose main purpose is to improve health. There are different health care systems for every country. The United Kingdom (U.K) has a universal health care that is called the National Health Service (NHS). In the U.K everyone that is a resident has access to the same health care. It is free for people who are not residents (visitors) only if in an emergency or if the person has some infectious disease. One pro of the U.K health care system is thatRead MoreThe New Healthcare Reform Essay919 Words   |  4 PagesThe United States healthcare system has failed Americans because the government has treated it as though only the wealthy should be taken care of. Universal Healthcare has benefited industrialized countries like Sweden, France, and Canada because they recognize the fact that healthcare should be a human right, and not a privilege. The debate continues over whether the reform will benefit the people and not put the government int o greater debt while politicians are raising the constitutional flagRead MoreThe Issue Of Health Care1674 Words   |  7 Pagesof the government s help, or is it a problem that will plague the world for its entirety? When you get down to it, it becomes a simple question: Socialism or Capitalism? I’ll let the facts speak for themselves, but first let us hear the backstory. The US federal government would not and did not finance or provide healthcare to the American populace through the 18th and 19th century. [1] In the early 20 century, things started to change when a debate arose on whether or not health care shouldRead MoreThe Health Care System In The United States Is Composed1410 Words   |  6 PagesThe health care system in the United States is composed of four basic components, financing, insurance, delivery, and payments, also known as the quad function model. This heath care systems differ between a private and government-run system and between a traditional health insurance and managed care based system. A good example of a purely government-run system in our country is the Veterans Administration (VA), health care systems, Medicare, Medicaid, and the Federal Employee Health Benefits (FEHB)

Like a Winding Sheet by Ann Petry Study Sheet free essay sample

Like a Winding Sheet by Ann Petry 1. What were Mr. Johnson’s plans before waking up? 2. What did he do instead? Why? What part of the day was it? 3. Why did Mae make fun of him? Did Mr. Johnson enjoy her laughter? 4. How many times had Mr. Johnson been late to work? Why? For how long had he worked in those conditions? 5. How did Mr. Johnson feel about working the night shift and why? 6. What made Mae want to stay at home that day and what persuaded her to go to work just the same? 7. Why was Mr. Johnson late for work? 8. Name some of the changes Mr. Johnson would have liked to implement at his workplace. 9. Who was his boss? Why did Mr. Johnson try to avoid looking at her? Why did he get so upset at her? Can you describe his physical reaction during and after this incident? (what were his thoughts, feelings and desires)How was the lady’s reaction? 10. We will write a custom essay sample on Like a Winding Sheet by Ann Petry Study Sheet or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Why couldn’t he hit a woman? 11. How did he feel as the night approached? 12. How did the women at the next plant behaved as the night approach? Can you identify any similarities between Mr. Johnson’s feelings and these women’s? 13. What were Mr. Johnson’s thoughts as he waited to get his pay? 14. Why did he decide to take a cup of coffee?

The Results I Found For Attitudes Towards Suicide Were What Was Expect

The results I found for attitudes towards suicide were what was expected. I ran the significance values for level of education (degree) and for age. However my disk contracted a virus and I lost my data set and was not able to run significance values for my other independent variables (age, income). What I found was that attitudes towards suicide were affected by degree and age. Degree was the most powerful predictor of attitudes towards suicide. I used the Somers'd method because both the dependent variable and the independent variable had nominal values. The Somers'd value was .187 and was significant at the 001 level. This means that there is a 18.7 or 19% reduction in error in predicting attitudes towards suicide by knowing the respondent's highest degree earned. The higher someone's education the more likely that they can see suicide acceptable in at least one situation. Table 1 shows the extremes of the degree category to display the strong correlation. We can see, of the respondents who had less than a High school Diploma only 54.6% of them could not see suicide acceptable in any of the four situations. Out of all the respondents who earned a high school diploma only 41% of them could not deem suicide acceptable in any situation and out of all the respondents who have higher than a high school diploma only 30% of them could not accept it in any situation. The Chi Square could not be interpreted because there was not 5 people in every cell. Technically in this circumstance we can not reject the null hypothesis, but there was only one cell with three and we found that there is a 19% significance value so we can assume that three is a relationship between our independent and dependent variables. TABLE 1. ATTITUDES TOWARDS SUICIDE AS COMPARED WITH HIGHEST DEGREE EARNED. Age was another strong predictor of attitudes towards suicide. Once again we used the Somers'd value. The Somers'd value was .142 and was significant at the .001 level. There was a 14% reaction in predicting attitudes towards suicide by knowing the respondents age. The older someone is the more likely they are to be against suicide in most situations. The younger the respondent is they are more likely to feel it is acceptable in at least one situation. As we can see from Table 2 of the respondents between the ages of 64-89a total of 57.4% of them were completely against suicide in every situation. At the same time, only 32% of the respondents between the ages of 18-30 were completely against it. TABLE 2. ATTITUDES TOWARDS SUICIDE AS COMPARED WITH AGE. Out of the respo0ndents who fell between the oldest and youngest age groups they were pretty much equally divided. They could cover the gray areas by seeing suicide acceptable in one or two possible situations. My personal opinion is that the older you are the more hardships and bad situations you have overcome. Everyone has had a point in there life where they thought things couldn't get worse and you have to learn to overcome obstacles. Older people have lived through many bad situations so they can not see suicide as excusable it's just an easy way out. APPLIED SOCIOLOGY ASSIGNMENT #3